Autonomous Vehicles.
The programs that drive, fly, and haul without a human at the wheel.
38 programs · 8 self-driving stacks · 11 robotaxis · 11 eVTOL air-taxis · 8 autonomous trucking · 20 US · 15 CN · 3 EU
Snapshot · verified 19h ago · 2026-06-17
Reading the metrics
Autonomy numbers carry hidden asterisks. Each axis, what it measures, and where the comparison breaks down:
- SAE Autonomy Level ↑ better
- SAE J3016 automation level: 0 = no automation, 2 = hands-off driver-assist, 4 = driverless within geofence, 5 = full autonomy everywhere.
- SAE levels are design-intent taxonomy, not verified safety ratings. L2 requires active driver supervision; L4 is driverless within a defined ODD.
- Cumulative autonomous miles (millions) ↑ better
- Total autonomous miles accumulated by the program's fleet, in millions. Includes both supervised and driverless miles unless noted.
- Supervised L2 fleet miles (e.g. Tesla FSD) are not comparable to driverless L4 miles (e.g. Waymo). Check program notes.
- Cities with active service ↑ better
- Number of cities where the program offers active (commercially or in-pilot) robotaxi or autonomous vehicle service.
- Counts commercial + active pilot cities; excludes cities with testing-only permits.
- Active fleet size (vehicles) ↑ better
- Approximate number of autonomous vehicles in the active fleet.
- Fleet sizes are estimates from press releases and investor filings; may lag current deployment.
- Onboard AI compute (TOPS) ↑ better
- Peak AI inference throughput of the vehicle's onboard compute platform, in Tera-Operations-Per-Second.
- TOPS figures are vendor-stated and vary by precision (INT8, FP4, sparse). Compare within the same precision tier.
- Disengagements per 1,000 miles ↓ better
- Number of times the autonomous system disengaged (driver or system-initiated) per 1,000 miles driven, per CA DMV annual report.
- CA DMV cautions these figures are not designed for cross-company safety comparisons — ODD, sensor configs, and disengagement definitions differ.
- Range (miles) ↑ better
- Maximum flight or drive range on a single charge, in miles. Applies primarily to eVTOL aircraft.
- Published range figures are at optimal cruise conditions with standard load; real-world range varies with payload, weather, and reserve requirements.
- Cruise speed (mph) ↑ better
- Typical cruise airspeed or road speed in miles per hour.
- Passenger seats ↑ better
- Number of passenger seats (excluding any safety pilot/operator).
- Purchase price (USD) ↓ better
- Manufacturer's suggested retail price in US dollars.
- Lower is better. List price; actual transaction prices and import duties vary by market.
Self-driving stacks · 8
L2 driver-assist and L4 candidate stacks deployed in production vehicles — Tesla FSD, Mobileye SuperVision, and the China OEM programs. Sorted by cumulative autonomous miles.
| Program | SAE | Diseng./1k mi | Auto. mi (M) | Compute |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tesla FSD (Supervised)Tesla · US · commercial | L2 | — | 8B mi | — |
| BYD God's EyeBYD · CN · commercial | L2 | — | — | 600 TOPS |
| Huawei ADS (Qiankun)Huawei · CN · commercial | L2 | — | — | 1000 TOPS |
| Li Auto NOA (AD Max)Li Auto · CN · commercial | L2 | — | — | — |
| Mobileye SuperVisionMobileye · US · commercial | L2 | — | — | 68 TOPS |
| MomentaMomenta · CN · commercial | L2 | — | — | — |
| NIO NOP+ / NWMNIO · CN · commercial | L2 | — | — | — |
| XPeng XNGPXPeng Motors · CN · commercial | L2 | — | — | 750 TOPS |
Robotaxis · 11
Commercial and pilot L4 robotaxi programs — Waymo, Baidu Apollo Go, Pony.ai, WeRide, and more. Waymo and the three Chinese leaders (Baidu, Pony.ai, WeRide) are already fare-charging in multiple cities. Sorted by active cities.
| Program | SAE | Cities | Auto. mi (M) | Fleet | Diseng./1k mi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baidu Apollo GoBaidu · CN · commercial | L4 | 27 cities | 205M mi | — | — |
| WeRideWeRide · CN · commercial | L4 | 10 cities | 34M mi | — | — |
| May MobilityMay Mobility · US · pilot | L4 | 8 cities | — | — | — |
| Waymo DriverWaymo · US · commercial | L4 | 6 cities | 200M mi | 2.5K | 1.78/1k mi |
| Pony.aiPony.ai · CN · commercial | L4 | 6 cities | 34M mi | 1.4K | — |
| ZooxZoox (Amazon) · US · pilot | L4 | 2 cities | — | 100 | 0.38/1k mi |
| DiDi Autonomous DrivingDiDi Chuxing · CN · pilot | L4 | 2 cities | — | — | — |
| AutoXAutoX · CN · pilot | L4 | — | 31M mi | 1.0K | — |
| Mobileye Drive (Chauffeur/Drive)Mobileye · US · testing | L4 | — | — | — | — |
| Nuro DriverNuro · US · pilot | L4 | — | 1.7M mi | — | 0.35/1k mi |
| Tesla CybercabTesla · US · in-development | L4 | — | — | — | — |
eVTOL air-taxis · 11
Electric vertical take-off and landing air taxis from Joby, Archer, Wisk, Beta, EHang, and others. Certification status is the key differentiator: EHang is the only program with a production certificate and commercial AOCs issued. Sorted by range.
Autonomous trucking · 8
L2+ through L4 highway freight programs — Aurora Driver (first driverless commercial haul Apr 2025), Gatik, Kodiak, Inceptio, Pony.ai Robotruck, and others. Sorted by cumulative autonomous miles.
| Program | SAE | Auto. mi (M) | Fleet | Compute |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Truck Navigate-on-Autopilot (T-NOA)Inceptio Technology · CN · commercial | L2 | 248M mi | 4.0K | — |
| SuperDrivePlusAI · US · pilot | L4 | 7M mi | — | — |
| Kodiak DriverKodiak AI · US · commercial | L4 | 3M mi | 20 | — |
| Aurora DriverAurora Innovation · US · commercial | L4 | 250K mi | 200 | 1000 TOPS |
| Gatik DriverGatik AI · US · commercial | L4 | — | 60 | — |
| Robotruck Gen-4Pony.ai · CN · pilot | L4 | — | — | — |
| Torc Virtual DriverTorc Robotics (Daimler Truck) · US · testing | L4 | — | 34 | — |
| Waabi DriverWaabi · US · testing | L4 | — | — | — |
Method
A hand-curated snapshot verified 2026-06-17. Disengagement rates are from the CA DMV annual disengagement reports; cross-company comparisons carry the DMV's own caveat (ODD, sensor configs, and disengagement definitions differ). SAE autonomy levels are assigned per SAE J3016 based on program operator pages and published safety reports, cross-checked against NHTSA SGO filings. Cumulative miles, fleet sizes, and city counts are from investor relations pages, press releases, and credible automotive press. eVTOL range and speed figures are manufacturer-stated at optimal cruise and standard load; certification status reflects FAA, EASA, or CAAC process stage as of the verification date.
Every number on this page carries a source link — click any cell to open the primary source. Where a program hasn't published a verifiable figure, the cell reads "—" rather than a guess. Sensor-suite radar counts, autonomy-level ODD details, and the certification roadmap arrive in Phase 3.